Metronomic Chemotherapy
What is Chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy drugs kill rapidly growing cells, such as tumour cells. However, some normal cells (e.g. those in the bone marrow and the lining of the intestines) also grow rapidly and may be affected by these drugs. The traditional use of anti-cancer drugs involves giving a high dose of a toxic drug to kill the cancer cells, followed by a rest period of a few days or weeks, to allow the normal cells to recover.
However, as cancer cells are similar to the normal cells in the body, it is very difficult to provide a drug treatment that kills only the cancer cells and not the normal cells. Hence, a cure is generally not achieved and the cancer cells become resistant to the drug, which results in a return of the cancer.
What is Chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy drugs kill rapidly growing cells, such as tumour cells. However, some normal cells (e.g. those in the bone marrow and the lining of the intestines) also grow rapidly and may be affected by these drugs. The traditional use of anti-cancer drugs involves giving a high dose of a toxic drug to kill the cancer cells, followed by a rest period of a few days or weeks, to allow the normal cells to recover.
However, as cancer cells are similar to the normal cells in the body, it is very difficult to provide a drug treatment that kills only the cancer cells and not the normal cells. Hence, a cure is generally not achieved and the cancer cells become resistant to the drug, which results in a return of the cancer.
What is Metronomic Chemotherapy?
Patients may receive an intravenous injection of a chemotherapy drug (bleomycin) and/or the tumour or wound itself may be injected with a chemotherapy drug (cisplatin) or calcium chloride. Other drug combinations may be used depending on the type, grade and stage of the tumour. Anti-cancer vaccines or other molecules (e.g. cytokines) can also be delivered with special probes.
Immediately, or a few minutes after injection of these drugs, electrical pulses are administered by electrodes using flat plates on the skin surface or needles placed into the tumour or wound bed (Image1). Typically, very short (millisecond or microsecond) pulses are used and each treatment may last from five minutes to 25 minutes depending on the size of the tumour or surgical wound and the area of the body. Contact between the patient and the electrodes is optimised using an electroconductive gel.
Pulses are generated safely for the operator and the patient using an electroporator certified for veterinary use (Onkodisruptor®) (Image 2). ECT requires brief sedation or general anaesthesia depending on the area treated for the duration of the treatment. Local anaesthetic and painkiller by injection and as tablets are used during the treatment and post-operatively although the procedure results in minimal discomfort.
What is Metronomic Chemotherapy?
Recent advances in human and veterinary oncology have changed the way we look at the outcome of treating a patient with cancer. In essence, less emphasis is placed on cure at all costs and more emphasis is placed on tumour control, such that the patient can live with cancer as a chronic disease (e.g. like osteoarthritis or diabetes). The aim here is to allow the patient to live with the tumour, as long as it is causing few or no problems, rather than suffering from it as it grows. This may mean keeping the tumour the same size, rather than trying to get it to shrink or disappear. In this respect, a new approach to the administration of anti-cancer drugs, metronomic chemotherapy, has proven very successful.
Metronomic chemotherapy refers to the continuous administration (e.g. daily or every other day) of low doses of chemotherapeutic drugs with few or no rest periods. This treatment works not only by killing the cancer cells directly (like ‘standard’ chemotherapy), but also by depriving the tumour of its blood supply by stopping new blood vessels from forming, and helping the immune system to mount a response against the tumour.
What is Metronomic Chemotherapy?
Recent advances in human and veterinary oncology have changed the way we look at the outcome of treating a patient with cancer. In essence, less emphasis is placed on cure at all costs and more emphasis is placed on tumour control, such that the patient can live with cancer as a chronic disease (e.g. like osteoarthritis or diabetes). The aim here is to allow the patient to live with the tumour, as long as it is causing few or no problems, rather than suffering from it as it grows. This may mean keeping the tumour the same size, rather than trying to get it to shrink or disappear. In this respect, a new approach to the administration of anti-cancer drugs, metronomic chemotherapy, has proven very successful.
Metronomic chemotherapy refers to the continuous administration (e.g. daily or every other day) of low doses of chemotherapeutic drugs with few or no rest periods. This treatment works not only by killing the cancer cells directly (like ‘standard’ chemotherapy), but also by depriving the tumour of its blood supply by stopping new blood vessels from forming, and helping the immune system to mount a response against the tumour.
What are the Advantages of Metronomic Chemotherapy?
There are many advantages to this approach for the management of the cancer patient:
- Lower drug doses lower risk of adverse effects
- The adverse effects are much milder and often stop by themselves
- Monitoring of the patient is less intensive and less frequent, reducing the number of visits to the vet
- The cost is lower, as many of the drugs are relatively cheap and given at lower doses
- Development of resistance is less common as the treatment is designed to target normal cells (of the blood vessels and immune system) which are less likely to become resistant.
What are the Advantages of Metronomic Chemotherapy?
There are many advantages to this approach for the management of the cancer patient:
- Lower drug doses lower risk of adverse effects
- The adverse effects are much milder and often stop by themselves
- Monitoring of the patient is less intensive and less frequent, reducing the number of visits to the vet
- The cost is lower, as many of the drugs are relatively cheap and given at lower doses
- Development of resistance is less common as the treatment is designed to target normal cells (of the blood vessels and immune system) which are less likely to become resistant.
How is Metronomic Chemotherapy Administered?
What are the Side Effects of Metronomic Chemotherapy?
A number of different anti-cancer drugs may be used. These drugs are given at lower doses (e.g. between 5% and 25% of the ‘standard’ dose) than used for traditional anti-cancer protocols. Given the small size of most cats and dogs compared to humans, these drugs need to be re-formulated into smaller capsules or a suspension to avoid splitting or crushing the standard tablets. These drugs may need to be ordered specially for an individual patient.
Other drugs are usually combined with these anti-cancer drugs, such as drugs related to aspirin or ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: NSAIDs) and molecular targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).
A blood sample and urine sample is taken for analysis prior to starting therapy and this is repeated at regular intervals, every one to two months initially, reducing to every two to three months with time. A blood sample may also be repeated if the patient is unwell.
Other drugs are usually combined with these anti-cancer drugs, such as drugs related to aspirin or ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: NSAIDs) and molecular targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).
A blood sample and urine sample is taken for analysis prior to starting therapy and this is repeated at regular intervals, every one to two months initially, reducing to every two to three months with time. A blood sample may also be repeated if the patient is unwell.
This treatment is normally well tolerated. Overall, side effects may be seen at some time during treatment in 10 – 40% of patients, depending mainly on whether the cytotoxic drug is given every other day rather than daily. The side effects are usually mild, such as a day or two of vomiting, diarrhoea or not wanting to eat, and either stop by themselves or resolve after reducing the dose of the drug.
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to be useful for soft tissue sarcomas and splenic haemangiosarcoma, but may be useful in a wider variety of tumour types, e.g. tumours of the nose. Willows offers a comprehensive approach to chemotherapy for dogs and cats with cancer with drug treatment protocols that are tailored to the patient’s needs and the client’s wishes.
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to be useful for soft tissue sarcomas and splenic haemangiosarcoma, but may be useful in a wider variety of tumour types, e.g. tumours of the nose. Willows offers a comprehensive approach to chemotherapy for dogs and cats with cancer with drug treatment protocols that are tailored to the patient’s needs and the client’s wishes.
How is Metronomic Chemotherapy Administered?
What are the Side Effects of Metronomic Chemotherapy?
A number of different anti-cancer drugs may be used. These drugs are given at lower doses (e.g. between 5% and 25% of the ‘standard’ dose) than used for traditional anti-cancer protocols. Given the small size of most cats and dogs compared to humans, these drugs need to be re-formulated into smaller capsules or a suspension to avoid splitting or crushing the standard tablets. These drugs may need to be ordered specially for an individual patient.
Other drugs are usually combined with these anti-cancer drugs, such as drugs related to aspirin or ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: NSAIDs) and molecular targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).
A blood sample and urine sample is taken for analysis prior to starting therapy and this is repeated at regular intervals, every one to two months initially, reducing to every two to three months with time. A blood sample may also be repeated if the patient is unwell.
Other drugs are usually combined with these anti-cancer drugs, such as drugs related to aspirin or ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: NSAIDs) and molecular targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).
A blood sample and urine sample is taken for analysis prior to starting therapy and this is repeated at regular intervals, every one to two months initially, reducing to every two to three months with time. A blood sample may also be repeated if the patient is unwell.
This treatment is normally well tolerated. Overall, side effects may be seen at some time during treatment in 10 – 40% of patients, depending mainly on whether the cytotoxic drug is given every other day rather than daily. The side effects are usually mild, such as a day or two of vomiting, diarrhoea or not wanting to eat, and either stop by themselves or resolve after reducing the dose of the drug.
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to be useful for soft tissue sarcomas and splenic haemangiosarcoma, but may be useful in a wider variety of tumour types, e.g. tumours of the nose. Willows offers a comprehensive approach to chemotherapy for dogs and cats with cancer with drug treatment protocols that are tailored to the patient’s needs and the client’s wishes.
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to be useful for soft tissue sarcomas and splenic haemangiosarcoma, but may be useful in a wider variety of tumour types, e.g. tumours of the nose. Willows offers a comprehensive approach to chemotherapy for dogs and cats with cancer with drug treatment protocols that are tailored to the patient’s needs and the client’s wishes.
How is Metronomic Chemotherapy Administered?
A number of different anti-cancer drugs may be used. These drugs are given at lower doses (e.g. between 5% and 25% of the ‘standard’ dose) than used for traditional anti-cancer protocols. Given the small size of most cats and dogs compared to humans, these drugs need to be re-formulated into smaller capsules or a suspension to avoid splitting or crushing the standard tablets. These drugs may need to be ordered specially for an individual patient.
Other drugs are usually combined with these anti-cancer drugs, such as drugs related to aspirin or ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: NSAIDs) and molecular targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).
A blood sample and urine sample is taken for analysis prior to starting therapy and this is repeated at regular intervals, every one to two months initially, reducing to every two to three months with time. A blood sample may also be repeated if the patient is unwell.
Other drugs are usually combined with these anti-cancer drugs, such as drugs related to aspirin or ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: NSAIDs) and molecular targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).
A blood sample and urine sample is taken for analysis prior to starting therapy and this is repeated at regular intervals, every one to two months initially, reducing to every two to three months with time. A blood sample may also be repeated if the patient is unwell.
What are the Side Effects of Metronomic Chemotherapy?
This treatment is normally well tolerated. Overall, side effects may be seen at some time during treatment in 10 – 40% of patients, depending mainly on whether the cytotoxic drug is given every other day rather than daily. The side effects are usually mild, such as a day or two of vomiting, diarrhoea or not wanting to eat, and either stop by themselves or resolve after reducing the dose of the drug.
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to be useful for soft tissue sarcomas and splenic haemangiosarcoma, but may be useful in a wider variety of tumour types, e.g. tumours of the nose. Willows offers a comprehensive approach to chemotherapy for dogs and cats with cancer with drug treatment protocols that are tailored to the patient’s needs and the client’s wishes.
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to be useful for soft tissue sarcomas and splenic haemangiosarcoma, but may be useful in a wider variety of tumour types, e.g. tumours of the nose. Willows offers a comprehensive approach to chemotherapy for dogs and cats with cancer with drug treatment protocols that are tailored to the patient’s needs and the client’s wishes.
Cancer Care – Find out more
To assist owners in understanding more about Cancer Care we have put together a range of information sheets to talk you through the some of the more common conditions seen and treated by our Specialists.
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